Girard0450

Fr Xavier Montrouzier to Fr Jean-Claude Colin, 1846

Partial translation by Fr Charles Girard SM

Text of the Letter

[1]

When I left France, you instructed me to tell you, as well as I could from a scientific point of view, about the various islands I would happen to travel through. To satisfy your request and also to complement the notes which the Reverend Father Rougeyron sent you on the mores, government and language of New Caledonia, I am going to give you a general idea of what would be more interesting about this country in the field of natural history.

[2]

New Caledonia, when seen from afar, appears arid and severe, but when examined in detail it offers the naturalist a thousand objects, each one more interesting than the others. Zoology, although it is barely represented in the large class of mammals and in the no less extended class of insects, shows an astonishing richness in the classes of birds, fish, Mollusca and in that mass of imperfectly known beings called zoophytes which are still largely without description. The botany of New Caledonia, although lacking in what in Europe form the magnificent families of Rosaceae, Renunculaceae, and Cruciferae, compensates with the multitude of species which it offers in Leguminosae, Compositae, Convolvulacae, Proteaceae, Myrtaceae, amoma, and ferns. Mineralogy seems to offer here all the riches to be found in mountainous countries. Let us turn to the details.

[3]

Flying-foxes, bats, rats and whales are the only mammals which I noticed in New Caledonia. Because they are so numerous, it is true, they make up for the lack of other animals in the same class. Flying-foxes are found in profusion and, although they fly quite well and fast with their long wings, sometimes big enough to stretch five feet wide, there are so many of them that they meet and pass each other in their aerial courses, and so it is not rare to see the natives knock down some of them with skillfully thrown sticks. For a description of the animal, I will be content with telling you, Very Reverend Father, that it is an enormous bat whose head bears a close resemblance with that of a fox, so that it was first called a flying-fox. Its mouth is armed with thirty-two or thirty-four teeth, and its feet are adorned with hooked and sharply-pointed nails which inflict deep wounds on any imprudent hand which grabs them before they are killed. Their fur, gray-brown below and russet-black above, provides the indigenous people with a long and furry hair which they weave artfully and dye red and with which they are pleased to adorn themselves. Moreover, that is not the only use that can be made of the flying-fox. Its flesh is excellent and the natives are happy when they can feast on it.

[4]

Here, ornithology offers more of interest than mammalogy. The variety of species combines with a vividness and beauty of colors, and no one can remain indifferent at the sight of a landscape filled here with an ash-gray pigeon and a dove, there with a pomatorhin and a parakeet with a thousand brilliant shades; on one side, a quail; on the other side, a mound bird. Nothing is as beautiful as the purple gallinule, a bird about the size of a large rooster; its long red feet and its glossy black plumage contrast admirably well with the sky-blue shield which it wears on its breast, the red caruncle which it wears on its head, and the tender rose shading of its beak. But that is not the only magnificent bird in New Caledonia. This island also has a kingfisher with a collar, differing a little from the one in France by the absence of any color except white and blue and by the presence of a white necktie – a humming-bird with a ruby-red neck – a sparrow with a green throat and with red cap and tail – a sparrow-hawk, a jack-snipe, several ducks, several crows, an ordinary heron, a white egret, a heron-bittern, another bittern which can be described approximately this way: characteristics of the genus, black top of the head, deep green sides of the eyes, white underside of the body, reddish back, yellow feet, yellow and black eyes; there are some swallows, some robins, and a dove which naturalists call the golden-rumped dove, with violet head and throat, green wings, a white shield on the breast, a violet underside of the stomach, and a golden yellow rump; there is another green dove which has a white stripe going from beneath its throat until it is lost in the breast, a white and black shield on the breast, a golden yellow rump; and finally there is a last dove, bronze colored.

[5]

The variety of fish is no less than that of the birds in New Caledonia. So, without speaking of the horse-mackerel, the bass, the mullets and the red-fish which are abundant and which furnish the natives with healthy and agreeable food, I will tell you about the horned box-fish, a curious fish armed with two horns in front and two others to the rear, and whose body, because of a shell and breast-plate, is analogous to a turtle’s shell and is divided into regular white hexagons, with a blue point in the middle on the back side and yellow point on the lower side, leaving only the animal’s mouth, fins and tail uncovered – the globe-fish which has the unusual ability of filling itself with air so as to resemble a balloon, but a balloon bristling with sharply-pointed and fearful needles, and this phenomenon can be easily observed, since to make it produce this bloating, it is enough to tickle it with a rough prod – the chaetodon on which stripes of azure, black, gold and silver can be seen to reflect a thousand different nuances, and whose small protruding mouth somewhat resembles a beak, while the first stripe is prolonged in a way as to resemble the cord of a whip, from which the fish has been given the name of coach-whip – the triggerfish which has on its back a very strong bone which it can raise or lower at will, and which has the distinguishing features of sky-blue stripes on its head and muzzle and three rows of spikes on the sides of its tail; – the shark, the ray-fish, the angler-fish, the sardine, the picarel, the girella, the pipe-fish, and the sea-horse.

[6]

The reptiles are far from offering the same rich variety, for here we have only the coral snake, a pretty animal, with red and black rings, very rare in the country; a more common snake with black and white rings, which is amphibious and which differs from the hydrophilus only in that it has no narrowing at the neck; a sea turtle, a skink, a lizard, and a few geckos. But by contrast, what a variety of shell-fish, what a richness in the Mollusca! These are: among the bivalves, the common arca, twisted arca, venus, heart cockle, capsa, cames, spondylus, pearl oyster, mussel, scallops, marine pennate, black horse mussel, and giant clams. In the univalves there are four varieties of cones, three of cowries, two of ovules, three of olive shells, the harpidae, the “toune,” the voluta; at least five species of mitre shells, a beautiful tubular, two varieties of drills, among which I thought I had found the animal unknown until now and which I liken, except for the width of the cap, to the scarpion shell; two spindles, four varities of screws, two of trochi, to which we must join a small freshwater mollusc, analogous to the trochus agglomeratus; three strombs, a “ptervière,” the turban shell, two “rostellaires,” several winkles among which the “tête de bécasse,” chicory and sting winkile, an enormous triton shell, a solarium, an abalone, the “pleurotorne,” several whelks, several nerita and neritina, four varities of bulimi, the truncated bulimus and the hemastome bulimus, the scarab, a helix, the common limpet, the “emargnule,” the navicellae, the chiton and the “oscabrelle,” finally the nautilus and the spirula which the sea casts on its shore, and the calamaries, the “dolabelles,” and the sea-leamons which live close by.

[7]

Yet another word about the zoology of New Caledonia. The sea is full of medusas, among which can be noticed Dubreuil’s “cephee” with its azure color and its yellow banderolle, some Turbellaria which are sometimes white, sometimes with brown and yellow spots; some sea urchins, among which can be distinguished the echinometra mamillatus with its beautiful red triangular rays; some crabs, among which can be distinguished a “callape” which is sometimes five inches wide, an enormous edible crab and a “matute”; some star-fish colored blue, red, yellow punctuated with carmine, or black punctuated with white, having four, five or six rays; some cassiopeia and sea spiders and sea slugs. The last-named animal, also called trepang and beche-de-mer, could become a useful type of commerce for our people, if they were more industrious and less indolent. Indeed, the Chinese and all the peoples under Malayan influence are very fond of these animals and pay high prices for their preparation, which is nonetheless quite simple, since it is only a matter of boiling the sea slug, after having emptied and dried it until it acquires a rock-like consistancy. Finally the corals are covered with worms and zoophytes, while amphitrites show their beautiful spangles of gold on the sand and small crabs swarm around the mangroves.

Table of Contents